--Background Journal----Personal Journal-- --History & Travel Journal Book 1-- --History & Travel Journal book 2-- --Family Journal----Privacy Journal for my Descendants--

Idaho, the smallest of the Rocky Mountain States, possesses an enormous wealth of natural resources and a rugged beauty, which is still largely unspoiled. Idaho's mineral deposits opened up the state in the gold rush of the 1860's but ranchers; farmers and lumberjacks soon followed the prospectors. Agriculture and manufacturing are today have almost equal importance in the state's economy, and the hydroelectric and irrigation potential of Idaho's vast water resources promises a flourishing future. The bears of Idaho include black bears and seldom-seen grizzlies, which keep to the least accessible areas and avoid contact with man. Special hunts are held for bears, as well as for other big game such as deer, moose, and antelope and bighorn sheep. Each year sportsmen take many game birds, including hundreds of thousands of chukar, partridges, and pheasants. Fishing, skiing and mountain climbing are among the other outdoor activities that have helped make Idaho a popular vacation area for many Americans. Mount Borah, at 12,662 feet above sea level, is the highest peak in Idaho and one of over 50 peaks that rises above 10,000 feet. Mount Borah is part of the Lost River Range, in east central Idaho, which has four other peaks of over 12,000 feet. The state's best-know ski resort is 6,000 feet up at Sun Valley in the Sawtooth Mountains. Developed in 1936 by Union Railway officials because of its fine scenery and excellent skiing conditions, it is today a world-famous ski and recreation center. The Cataldo Mission, between Coeur d' Alene and Kellogg, was built by Indians under the direction of a Jesuit missionary in the 1850's and is preserved today as the oldest building in the State. Both Jesuit and Mormon missionaries played important roles in the early settlement of Idaho, leaving peacefully among the Nez Perce, Bannock, Shoshone, Kutenai, and
Coeur d' Alene tribes.
The first party of white men known to have penetrated the mountain wilderness of what is now Idaho was Pierre De la Verendrye in 1743, with the discovery of the Rocky Mountains somewhere in the vicinity of Yellowstone Park, while in search of a western sea, and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, on their famous expedition to the Pacific Ocean from 1803 to 1806. They crossed the Bitterroot and Clearwater and Snake rivers
toward the sea.
At that time Idaho was part of the Oregon Country, a huge tract of land, which also included what, was to be the entire northwest United States and British Columbia. Until 1846, when it was divided at the 49th parallel between Canada and the United States, the area was the scene of vigorous rivalry. Inhabitants were diverse Indian people--the Shoshone and Bannock tribes in the south and the Nez Perce, Kutenai, Coeur d' Alene, in the north. Shortly after Lewis and Clark had mapped out parts of the wilderness, David Thompson, a fur trader from Britons Northwest Company, set up Idaho's first trading post in 1809. He was the forerunner of many trappers and traders whose rival companies, British and American, vied with each other for the beaver and other pelts of the region. The Hudson's Bay Company built two trading posts, Fort Hall and Fort Boise, in 1834, but competition with the American Mountain men was fierce. Over-trapping and a decrease in demand for beaver sent the fur trade into decline after about 1845. Missionaries soon followed in the track of the traders. Henry Spaulding established his Presbyterian Lapwai Mission in 1836 near present-day Lewiston, and Jesuit and Mormon missions were founded in the next decades. Cataldo Mission, west of Kellogg, was built in the 1850's by the Jesuits and is still standing today, a simple structure with six magnificent wooded pillars; Idaho's oldest building. Mormons moving north from Salt Lake City founded Franklin, the first permanent settlement on Idaho soil, in 1860 Oregon had become a state in 1859 and Idaho was then part of the Washington Territory. Thousands of pioneers continued to stream over the Oregon Trail, which followed the Snake River Valley, but few stopped along the way to settle in Idaho. In 1860, at what is now Pierce in the Clearwater Mountains, Captain E. D. Pierce made the first gold strike. This was followed by other strikes at Boise, two years later, and gold-seekers poured in by the thousands. Ranchers and the first farmers quickly followed the prospectors, and Idaho Territory, initially much larger than the present state, was created in 1863. In 1863 the Idaho Territory was organized, its capital at Lewiston. President Lincoln signed the act establishing the territory on March 4. Colonel Conner founded Soda Springs. Boise news of Idaho City issues first copies September 29. Mining begins in the Owyhees. Merchants under the lead of Cyprus Jacobs lay out the town site of Boise. The name is derived from "les bois" (the trees), a description for area used by French fur trappers in 1811. It is on the Boise River at the foot of Salmon River Mountains. First general election held October 31. First country established Owyhee County, December 31. By that time some 32,000 miners, tradesmen and settlers had moved into the territory, and Boise was selected as the capital in 1864. Another wave of immigrants inundated the Coeur d' Alene region in northern Idaho when silver was discovered there in 1884. Railway construction was an additional spur to growth and by 1884 three lines crossed the state. In 1864 a resolution to make Boise the capital passes December 7. Public school system established for the territory. Julius Newburg Road competed in Elmore County September 7. Ben Holliday establishes first stagecoach line. The Idaho Statesman begins tri-weekly publication in Boise. Ada, Alturas, Boise, Idaho, Kootenai, Lah-Toh, Nez Perce, Oneida and Shoshone counties created. In 1865 Boise becomes the capital of Idaho. J. M. Taylor and Robert Anderson erect bridge across the Snake River near present day Idaho Falls. Boise Bar stage begins operations, later extended to Silver City. In 1866 gold was discovered at Leesburg in Lemhi County. Survey of public lands begun, L. F. Cartee was surveyor. Congress passes Federal Lode Mining Act. State of Columbia proposed by the Idaho Legislature in a petition to Congress, to include all the lands in western Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington. In 1867 Gutzon Borglum, Mount Rushmore sculptor, born at St. Charles March 25. Bishop Tuttle, an Episcopal priest, arrives in Boise October 12. Idaho Legislature repeals oath of allegiance to United States, a riot commences and Federal troop are called out. Lah-Toh County abolished, territory annexed to Kootenai County. In 1869 Statue of George Washington, carved for native wood by Charles Ostner, is unveiled on the capital grounds at Boise. Idaho State Law Library established. Placer gold strike made at Oro Grande. Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads completed the Transcontinental railway at Promontory Summit. Utah on May 10; improves transportation to Idaho. Chinese workers flock to Idaho mines. Fort Hall Indian Reservation set aside by President Grant for Shoshones and Bannocks of southern Idaho. First telegraph office established at Franklin, linking the town with Salt Lake City. Lemhi County created. In 1870 Idaho population was 14,999; later census figure shows 17,804, as Utah-Idaho border was not clearly established. Caribou gold rush in southeastern Idaho. In 1872 US Assay office and Idaho prison completed. Strike drives Chinese labor out of Owyhee mines. The first National Park (Yellowstone) was designated in 1872. Idaho can also boast of having a portion of the nations' oldest and most famous nation park. A thin strip totaling 31,488 acres (of the parks totaling 2 million plus acres) makes up part of its western border. In 1873 Coeur d' Alene Indian Reservation set aside by President Grant for Coeur d' Alene and Spokane Indians. In 1874 the first railroad in Idaho the Utah Northern, to Franklin. Idaho's first daily newspaper, The Owyhee Daily Avalanche, issued at Silver City October 17. Telegraph reaches Silver City. In 1875 Lemhi Indian Reservation set aside by President Grant for Shoshones, Bannocks, and Tukuarikas. Bear Lake County created. Bank failure ruins Silver City and South Mountain Mines. In 1877 Congress passed National Desert Land Act for reclaiming land by irrigation. Relations between white settlers and the Indians grew strained as more and more immigrants arrived. The Nez Perce, forced on to a reservation, went on a warpath after the government opened to settlement the Wallowa Valley in Oregon, and were the first to rise against the influx of settlers. A US Army unit sent to quell an uprising by rebellious members of the tribe in June 14th through 29th 1877 was badly beaten at White Bird. Battle of Clearwater fought July 11 and 12. Their Warriors led by Chief Joseph; the Indians fought a retreating battle over 1,300 miles of rugged territory until they were defeated at Paw Mountain, Montana, 40 miles from the Canadian border October 5. Duck Valley Indian Reservation set aside by President Hayes for the Shoshones and Pahutes. The following year, 1878, the Bannocks went on the warpath in southern Idaho because they were deprived of their hunting grounds, and the US government opened the Camas Prairie, which had been reserved for the Indians; they were half-starved on the reservations. Chief Buffalo Horn led the Bannocks, and the Pahutes led by Chief Egan. The battles were fought at South Mountain and Bennett Creek. They were defeated at South Mountain and Chief Big Horn was killed. The last of Idaho's Indian wars took place in 1879 when the Sheepeaters, and renegade Bannock and Tukuarika Indians go on the warpath. Indians hide out in the hills of central Idaho subsisting on sheep they kill during their raids. Battles were fought at Big Creek and Loon Creek. The Indians were suspected of massacring a group of miners, and were brought to submission on September 1. Reservation life threatened many Idaho Indians with starvation, for such hunters must usually cover huge areas to find food-getting patters. The Bannock Indians roamed southeastern Idaho in search of bison. The Shoshone Indians (one of who was the famous guide Sacajawea) roamed semidesert land in southern Idaho in tiny groups eating roots, seeds and any small animals that they could catch. The Kuteni Indians of northern Idaho lived in small bands by fishing, hunting and gathering edible wild plants. The Nez Perce Indians of the north were originally salmon trappers but turned deer and bison hunters once they gained he use of mustangs. With the Indian threat defeated, Idaho grew rapidly. In 1879 the Utah Northern railroad was completed within Idaho on its path from Salt Lake City to Helena, Montana. Cassia and Washington counties created.
In 1880 Idaho's population was 32,619. Discovery of lead-silver lodes in the Wood River area, the rush to Bellevue, Hailey and Ketchum transforms south central Idaho. The Boise and Lewiston Independent School Districts was created. North Idaho Annexation political party forms to counteract the powerful "Boise Ring". In 1881 the historical Society of Idaho Pioneers forms to collect and preserve a reliable history of the early settlements of the territory. The Hailey Times begins daily publication. Wells Fargo office established at Challis. Custer County created. Kootenai County finally organized 17 years after its creation. Volcano erupts 20 miles east of Mount Idaho August 19, 1881. In 1882 the Northern Pacific railroad is completed across the northern part of the Territory. Construction began on the New York Canal in Ada County. In 1883 the first telephone service in Idaho commenced at Hailey October 1. Rexburg is founded. Oregon Short Line completed through southern Idaho. In 1884 is the Coeur d' Alene gold rush, followed by Tiger and Polaris mines opening lead-silver operation? The Oregon Short Line arrives in Ketchum August 19. Freight and passenger service begins on Coeur d' Alene Lake. Oregon Short Line reaches Weiser, connecting Idaho to the pacific coast. Wallace in founded. In 1885 the legislature approves construction of Territorial Capital building at an expense of $80,000. Test Oath Act adopted by legislature, designed to bar Mormons from voting and holding public office. Legislature locates insane asylum at Blackfoot. Famous poet Ezra Pound born at Hailey October 30. Bingham County created. Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines begin operation. In 1886 the Utah Northern merges with Oregon Short Line and joins Union Pacific system. Separate bills to annex north Idaho to Washington Territory pass each chamber of Congress, but are not reconciled. Construction on the Territorial Capitol competed, Nampa City platted. In 1887 an electric light plant goes into operation at Hailey to supply power for territory's first electric lights. Wardner miner's union established after wage reductions at Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines. Compulsory education law passed. A bill to annex north Idaho to Washington Territory passes Congress, but is not signed by President Cleveland and goes not become law. In 1888 Ricks Academy, now known as Ricks College, established in Rexburg. Latah County created by US Congress. In 1869 as a conciliatory move to keep north Idaho from seceding, the Territorial legislature locates the University of Idaho at Moscow. Constitutional convention composed of sixty-eight members meet at Boise July 4 and after laboring twenty-eight days, form and adopts constitution for the state of Idaho August 6. The people ratify constitution on November 5 by a vote of 12,398 to 1,773. In 1889 a constitutional convention met and the feuding northern and southern halves of the state were reconciled. Fire in Hailey causes $750,000 worth of damage. Elmore County created. Only 88,548 people lived in Idaho in 1890, about one inhabitant per square mile in the sparsely populated state. Idaho was admitted to the Union as the 43rd state on July 3, 1890. Great Northern Railroad completed across the northern part of the state. Congress passes Federal Forest Reserve Act. First legislative and statewide elections held. First section of the Idaho Legislature meets. In 1891 the Great Seal of the State of Idaho, a design drawn by Miss Emma Edwards, with the Latin motto "Esto Perpetua" adopted. Idaho forests reserves created. Boise's electric street railway commences operation on August 22. College of Idaho opens in Caldwell October 9. Canyon and Alta counties created. The Name of IDAHO was originally suggested for Colorado. The name "Idaho" was used for a steam ship, which traveled the Columbia River. With discovery of gold the Clearwater River in 1860, the diggings began to be called the Idaho mines. "Idaho" is a coined or invented word, and is not a derivation of an Indian phrase "E Dah Hoe (How)" supposedly meaning, "gem of the mountains." The name was originally suggested for the Pikes Peak mining territory Colorado that applied to the new mining territory of the Clearwater. Another Idaho theory suggests Idaho may be a Kyowa Apache term for the Comanche. The nickname for Idaho is "The Gem State". The Motto is "Esto Perpetua" (Let it be perpetual). During the 1890's repeated clashes between miners and mine owners resulted in violence and bloodshed. In 1892 the Western Federation of Miners, an important branch of the Industrial Workers of the World, attempted to unionize mineworkers, and the Coeur d' Alene region was the scene of shooting and sabotage. Troops had to be called in to restore order. In 1899 violence occurred once more, and Governor Frank Steunenberg declared martial law, and federal troops arrived to quell disturbances. When the by then ex-governor Steunenberg was killed by an angry miner in 1905, national leaders of the Western Federation of Miners were brought to trail for conspiracy, and the proceedings drew nation wide attention. The union officials, who included Big Bill Haywood, were acquitted, but the prosecutor, US Senator William E. Borah, became a renowned public figure. Borah remained the state's best-know political personality until his death in 1940.
Irrigation, crucial to Idaho's agriculture, was begun on a large scale in the 1890's. Canal companies and farmers' cooperatives had begun irrigation efforts must earlier, but under the provisions of the Federal Government's Carey Act (1864) large arid tracts in the Twin Falls region were turned into fertile farmlands. Important dams and reservoirs along the Snake and its tributaries were built by the US Reclamation Service in the first decades of the 20th century, and today more than half of Idaho's potentially irritably land has been reclaimed. New developments in pumping water from underground are further increasing the state's farmland, and Idaho remains rare among Western states in its abundance of water resources. In 1892 high freight rates and low silver prices close Coeur d' Alene mines January 16. The Farmers Alliance and the Knights of Labor organize the Idaho Populist Party in Boise May 16. Martial law commenced in the Coeur d' Alene on July 14 following the dynamiting of the Frisco Mill near Burke. University of Idaho opens October 3. Idaho Education Association organized. Timer and Stone Act passes Congress, that paved the way for commercial timber industry in Idaho. In the "Panic of 1893", lead and silver prices collapsed, and Coeur d' Alene mines shut down. Western Federation of Miners formed. Office of State Mine Inspector established. Idaho State Medical Society founded September 12. State Wool Growers Association started at Mountain Home September 25. First state game laws enacted. State Normal Schools (College of Education) established at Lewiston and Albion. Legislature enacts state wagon roads to connect north and south Idaho. Bannock and Fremont counties created. In 1894 Albion Normal School opens January 8. Nez Perce Indian Reservation allotted to the Indians. Congress passes Carey Act, makes possible reclamation of Snake River Valley. Gold discovered in the Thunder Mountain country. In 1895 comprehensive irrigation law, providing for uniform use of public water, enacted on March 9. Lincoln and Blaine counties created. In 1896 the Lewiston Normal School dedicated June 3. Idaho becomes first in the nation in production of lead. Montpelier bank robbed by Butch Cassidy August 13. Idaho Legislature calls on Congress to extend the right to vote to women. Idaho Republicans split; Silver Republicans endorse William Jennings Bryan for President. Clashes between sheep and cattle industries culminate in the murder of sheepherders allegedly by "Diamond field" Jack Davis. Cassia County created. In 1897 President Grover Cleveland established Bitterroot Forest Reserve which includes much of north Idaho. Legislature acts to protect buffalo and bison within the state. State Board of Medical Examiners established to regulate the practice of medicine. In 1898 the first Idaho regiment of Military volunteers called into service for the Philippine insurrection of the Spanish-America War. Fort Hall Indian Reservation allotted to the Indians in parcels of 160 acres each, with the balance to be sold for the Indians' benefit. In 1899 position of State Fish and Game Warden created. Governor Steunenberg calls in federal troops to suppress riot in the Coeur d' Alene mining district following the dynamiting of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan concentrator. In 1900 the population was 161,772. New York Canal completed. Democrats, Silver Republicans and Populists arrange party fusion for 1900 election. Idaho State Dairymen's Association organized. Idaho Falls founded. After 1900 commercial lumbering surpassed mining as the state's most valuable source of income after agriculture, but mining remains a important feature of Idaho's economy. In 1901 the Free Traveling Library (now know as the Idaho State Library) established. The Academy of Idaho (now Idaho State University) opens in Pocatello. In 1902 after concluding the Diamond field Jack Davis had been convicted by mistake in a case growing out of the most notable incident of the Idaho sheep and cattle wars, the State Board of Pardons turned him loose. National Reclamation Act passed provides for federal aid for irrigation. In 1903 Idaho's hunting and fishing licensing system began. The Idaho Industrial Training School founded at St. Anthony as a reform school for children. First Carey Act land opening at Shoshone. Miller Dam on Snake River opens Twin Falls area to irrigated farming. In 1904 city of "Twin Falls platted. Chief Joseph dies September 21, 1904. In 1905 construction of a new capitol building in Boise authorized at a cost of $1,000,000. Insane asylum established at Orofino. The first train arrives at Twin Falls August 7. President Theodore Roosevelt plants maple tree on capitol grounds. Sawtooth National Forest created. Former Governor Frank Steunenberg assassinated December 30, 1905. In 1906 Steunenberg assassin Harry Orchard implicates three leaders of the Western Federation of Miners in the plot. The largest sawmill in the United States begins operation at Potlatch. Pioneer Monument at capitol grounds erected. "Steward Decree" adjudicates water rights along the Boise River. In 1907 William E. Borah elected to the US Senate, where he gains an international reputation during thirty-three years of service. William D. Haywood is found not guilty of conspiracy and the assassination of Frank Steunenberg, at the end of an internationally celebrated trail, Harry Orchard sentenced to life in prison for the assassination. Idaho State Flag adopted. Idaho Historical Society founded. Twin Falls County created. In 1908 the Idaho revised code published. Under President Roosevelt's forest reserve policy, one-half of the state is organized into National Forest reserves. Lake Lowell completed. In 1909 Idaho adopts direct primary and local option over regulation of liquor. Minidoka Dam completed. State Parks established at Heyburn, Shoshone Falls, and Payette Lake. Establishing the allotment of Coeur d' Alene Indian Reservation. Provisions for rural high school districts established. In 1910 the population was 325,594. Devastating forest fire consumes 1/6 of north Idaho's forests, destroying many communities. In 1911 state banking and highway district laws enacted. Buckeye tree planted on the capitol grounds by President Taft October 9. Search and seizure law enacted for enforcing liquor laws. Idaho State Sanitarium (now known as the Idaho State School and Hospital) located at Nampa. Adams, Bonneville, Clearwater and Lewis counties created. In 1912 revised revenue laws enacted, providing a new system of assessment, equalization, levy, and collection of taxes. Constitutional amendments adopted authorizing initiative, referendum, and recall, State board of Education established to supervise all levels of education within the state of Idaho. In 1913 Public Utilities Commission established. Northwest Nazarene College in Nampa founded. First motor vehicle laws enacted by the legislature. Comprehensive system of revenue for state, county, municipal and school purposes enacted. School for the Deaf and Blind open in Gooding. Bonner, Franklin, Gooding, Jefferson, Madison, Minidoka and Power counties created. In 1914 Moses Alexander elected first Jewish governor in the United States. In 1915 Arrowrock Dam completed. Columbia and Snake River improvements for navigation Lewiston completed. Second Idaho Regiment of Infantry Volunteers organized into service at the call of President Wilson for Mexican Border War. The Academy of Idaho (now Idaho State University) becomes the Idaho Technical Institute. Idaho Horse and Cattle Association organized, later to become the Idaho Cattlemen'' Association. Benewah, Boundary, Gem, and Teton counties created. In 1916 constitutional amendment for statewide prohibition ratified. State highway program begins as part of the nation good road movement. In 1917 statewide prohibition goes into effect January 1. Workmen's compensation system and State Insurance Fund established. Annual state fair established at Boise. Ricks Academy becomes a college and is accredited by the State Board of Education. Butte, Camas, Payette, and Valley counties created. In 1918 Non-Partisan League takes over Idaho Democratic primary September 3; subsequently Idaho's primary nominating system is abandoned for twelve years. In 1919 administrative consolidation enacted by legislature. Functions of fifty-one departments, boards, and bureaus place under nine administrative departments, responsible to the governor. Bureau of Highways created to inaugurate a state highway system. First Music Week held in Boise. Lava Hot Springs established by Department of Public Welfare. City of Jerome founded. Jerome, Clark, and Caribou counties created. In 1920 Idaho population is 431,866. Agricultural prices begin to deteriorate, creating a crisis which continues through the 1920's Whitebird Hill grade, connecting north and south Idaho opens. State Capitol completed. Idaho Wheat Growers Association formed. Constitutional amendment increases State Supreme Court from three to five members. In 1922 the State budget system established. Radio broadcasting begins in Idaho with station KFAU located at Boise High School under the direction of Harry Redeker. In 1924 the Craters of the Moon National Monument established. A desolate area illustrating in startling variety the results of violent volcanic action, and representing some of the nation's most recent volcanic outpourings. Last eruptions were about 1,600 years ago. Black Canyon Dam completed. In 1925 Union Pacific Railroad begins service to Boise. State Forestry Board established. William E. Borah becomes Chairman of the State Committee of Foreign Relations. In 1926 the Idaho State Chamber of Commerce organized. Federal air service came to the Northwest with a Pasco, Washington to Elko, Nevada flight with a stop in Boise Idaho. In 1927 American Falls Dam completed. Perrine Memorial Bridge at Twin Falls completed. Palisades Reservoir created. Idaho Technical Institute in Pocatello redesignated the University of Idaho Southern Branch. In 1928 the restoration of the "Old Mission" church near Cataldo begins. Commercial radio broadcasting begins in Idaho with the purchase of KFAU from Boise High School and renamed KIDO. In 1930 Idaho's population was 445,032. In 1931 the direct primary restored for statewide offices. State income tax adopted. US Forest Service, in cooperation with the State Legislature; create the Idaho Primitive Area. Legislature adopts "Here We Have Idaho" as state song, the syringa the official flower, and the Rocky Mountain Blue Bird the state bird. The State bird – the Mountain Bluebird (Sialia arctcia) was adopted as the state bird for Idaho by the Legislature, in 1931. The Bluebird is about seven inches long, has an azure blue coat, and a blue vest with white undrfeathers. The mother bird wears a quiet blue-gray dress and usually lays six or seven blue-white eggs. The Bluebird's nest is usually built in a hollow tree or in a crevice. The Bluebird is very neat about one's home and caries all refuse some distance from he nest. The State flower-The Syringa (Philadelphus lewisii) was designated the state flower of Idaho by the 1921 Legislature. It is a breaching shrub with clusters of white, fragrant flowers. The blossoms are similar to the mock orange, have four petals and the flowers grown at the end of short, leafy branches. The State Tree—-The Western White Pine (Pinus Monticola pinaceae), our state tree, is probably most notable since the largest remaining volume of this timber in the United States grows in the northern part of Idaho. White Pine has many fine qualities such as straight grain and soft even texture. In 1932 Nonpartisan election of judges to Supreme Court and District Courts enacted. The Idaho Code annotated published. Six million-dollar Owyhee Dam dedicated. Association of Idaho Veterans of Foreign Wars organized. Boise Junior College opens. In 1933 School Equalization Law adopted. North Idaho Junior College established at Coeur d' Alene. In 1934 Sandpoint Bridge completed. Taylor Grazing Act passes US Congress. Central and northern Idaho experiences large mining developments for gold and silver. Idaho becomes first in the nation in silver production. In 1935 statewide prohibition repealed and State adopts Liquor Dispensary system. Indian children begin integration into public school system. State employment service established. Two-percent sales tax enacted, but rejected by voters in referendum in 1936. Legislature provides for purchase of the site of Spading Mission as a state park. Martial law declared in Teton County to put down a rebellion of pea pickers. In 1936 Sun Valley established as a ski resort by the Union Pacific Railway in September. Martial law declared in Clearwater County during I.W.W. lumber strike. Celebration held in Lewiston to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of Spaulding Mission. In March, William E. Borah became Idaho's first ever-presidential candidate. In 1976 Senator Frank church became a candidate. After World War II the pulp and plywood industry its relative distance from the major population centers of the nation had long hindered growth. The state's rugged mountain ranges made highway building difficult and it only in 1938 that the first paved road linked the northern and southern sections of Idaho. Today there are signs that this is changing. More than 650 miles of interstate highway have been planned put under construction or completed, and this has already resulted in a significant upsurge in tourism. Some eight million people visit the state every year, and tourism contributes $500 million annually to Idaho's economy, nearly twice its income from mining. Manufacturing now rivals agriculture as Idaho's chief source of wealth, and the 1970's saw more than half of all Idaho's living in urban areas, a sign of the gradual decrease in farm population and the growth of Idaho's cities. The state has the deepest gorge in North America, Hells Canyon, along the Snake River on the Oregon border, nearly 8,000 feet deep. The Snake River plunges 212 feet over Shoshone Falls in southern Idaho, and ice caves, hot springs, and "cities of rock" are among natural wonders that attract millions of tourists every year. Except for a small section of the southeast, which is drained by the Bear River flowing into the Great Salt Lake basin, all of Idaho lies within the Columbia River Basin. The state is divided into two major topographical regions; the Rocky Mountain system of the north and east, and the broad Columbia Plateau which follows the Snake River through the state. The Snake River plain, built up from lava flows, is Idaho's major agricultural region, but until irrigation systems were introduced much of the semiarid land along the river was fit only for grazing. Central Idaho is a wild, rugged country with jagged peaks and deep canyons. The Salmon River and the Clearwater Mountains virtually cut the state in two, making communication between northern and southern Idaho difficult. Mountainous terrain also characterizes the northern panhandle, which contains rich mineral deposits and some of Idaho's largest lakes--including Pend Oreille (148 sq. mi.), Coeur d' Alene and Priest. Another state attraction is the Craters of the Moon, declared a national monument in 1924. This 75 sq. mile area is studded with lava flows, craters and strange rock formations that produce the impression of lunar landscape. It was created by volcanic activity about 2,000 years ago.

Arco, Idaho Year 1909

Alpheus Creek, Idaho Year 1913

Big Lost River Valley, Idaho Year 1909

Hailey, Idaho 4 July 1913

Blackfoot, Idaho Year 1909

Blue Lakes, Idaho Year 1913

Boise, Idaho Year 1909

Boise, Idaho Year 1908

Caldwell, Idaho Year 1907

Civic Center Twin Falls, Idaho Year 1913

Lewiston, Idaho Year 24 May 1921

Lewiston, Idaho Year 24 May 1921

Farm scene, Owyhee country, Idaho Year 1909

High School and Court House, Twin Falls, Idaho Year 1913

Hurtt Ranch, Roswell, Idaho Year 1909

Idaho Falls, Idaho Year 1909

Idaho Falls, Idaho Year 1909

Idaho Falls, Idaho 11 Nov 1909

Idaho's Fayoom 29 May 1907

Lewiston, Idaho Year 1905

Lower orchards, Blue Lakes Farm, Idaho Year 1913

Mackey, Idaho 11 Nov 1909

Mt. Hyndman, Idaho Year 1911

Nampa, Idaho 30 Nov 1907

Idaho Quadrangular 8 Mar 1907

Owyhee Canal, Idaho

Payette, Idaho Year 1909

Pioneer, Year 1907

Pocatello, Idaho Year 1909

Power Dam and Snake River, Idaho Falls, Idaho Year 1909

Sawtooth Mountains near Stanley, Idaho Year 1936

Shoshone Falls, Idaho Year 1913

Shoshone Falls, Idaho Year 1909

Twin Falls, Idaho 27 Oct 1913

View near Payette, Idaho Year 1909

Weiser, Idaho,Year 1909

Pocatello, Idaho,Year Late 1920's

--Background Journal----Personal Journal-- --History & Travel Journal Book 1-- --History & Travel Journal book 2-- --Family Journal----Privacy Journal for my Descendants--